Sunday, 22 February 2015

The Wonder That Was Bharatvarsha


The Wonder That Was Bharatvarsha

Written by Dr. Seshadri Kumar, 22 February, 2015

Copyright © Dr. Seshadri Kumar.  All Rights Reserved.

For other articles by Dr. Seshadri Kumar, please visit http://www.leftbrainwave.com

Disclaimer: All the opinions expressed in this article are the opinions of Dr. Seshadri Kumar alone and should not be construed to mean the opinions of any other person or organization, unless explicitly stated otherwise in the article.

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No, this is not a review of the famous, wrongly-named book by A.L. Basham, in which he used the word India instead of the more correct Bharatvarsha. This is an attempt to educate modern Indians about the glory of their culture by revealing new insights that have resulted from the work of tireless researchers around the globe on the origins of civilization. And all roads of inquiry lead only to one conclusion – that the source of all civilizational greatness in the world is India.

For too long, India has been cast as the land of snake-charmers, tigers, and elephants. For centuries, westerners have mocked India for its backwardness. However, recent SCIENTIFIC discoveries have established that India was more advanced than any other country in the world in antiquity.

Join me as I reveal the story of hitherto unknown (or little known) scientists, who languish in their quiet academic environs because their momentous discoveries have not been given the credit they deserve. This article is a humble attempt to cast light on their collective greatness and the earth-shaking importance of the seminal work they have done.

I hope you enjoy this article as much as I did writing it. Anything that is good in the article should not be ascribed to me – for I am merely a messenger – it should be ascribed to the great scientists who have revealed so much for us to learn and whose work you are going to discover through this article.

So, without further ado, let me begin telling you about the recent momentous discoveries that have established, once and for all, why Bharatvarsha was the greatest civilization ever on the planet.

The IVC and the Aryan Invasion/Migration Controversy

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) is one of the oldest civilizations of mankind. Although there have been older human settlements on the planet than the IVC, the IVC can fairly be said to be the cradle of all civilizations because of the range and depth of the ideas it brought forth (this will be made clear in the following). This is the civilization to which modern India owes its existence. So it is meaningful to look at what this civilization was all about and what it has bequeathed us.

The IVC was first discovered in Harappa, now in Pakistan, with later discoveries in Mohenjo-daro, also in Pakistan, Lothal in Gujarat in India, and various other places. While initially these discoveries were greeted with great excitement, as it gave Indians a view of what seemed to be their antiquity, this fond hope was soon dashed when archaeologists investigated the artifacts in depth.

The reason was that India is largely a country of Hindus, with significant minorities that made their homes in India due to migration and conquest; but essentially, India was the land of the Hindus. The Hindu epics (itihasas) such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana spoke of an ancient civilization that Hindus held to be around 5000 years old. The discovery of the IVC gave Hindus a lot of hope that this was the proof of the ancient civilization they were looking for. Unfortunately, some key archaeological facts went against them – or seemed to at the time.

The Absence of the Horse

One key point of variance  was that the Hindu scriptures, right from the time of the Rig Veda, the most ancient scripture, spoke of “Ashvas” – that were translated as “horses” everywhere in the epics. The IVC carvings and drawings showed no evidence of any horses, though there seemed to be some strange one-horned animals drawn in the reliefs and tablets, in addition to identifiable buffaloes. See figure below for an example.



This seemed to dash the hopes of the Hindus, who were hoping for confirmation that the IVC was part of the ancient civilization mentioned in their epics. Because of the absence of the horse in the evidence from the ruins, an alternative theory sprung up – that the Vedic traditions did not belong to the Harappans, but were brought to India by the Aryans, who invaded India at the end of the Harappan period. The fact that the horse seemed like a well-known animal in Persia helped this explanation.

Recent research, by Hefner et al. (2007) has revealed a rather different picture. According to these researchers, who have published a book on this topic, the image seen in the IVC seals is not a horse at all, but a unicorn. Many mythologies talk about unicorns, but we have never seen any evidence of unicorns – that is, until Harappa. After digging a lot in the IVC and the BMAC (Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex) as well as in Afghanistan and Iran, Hefner et al. found out that during the Harappan period, unicorns were indeed quite common, and they rapidly mutated to the horse that we know today. Hefner et al. (2007) found huge unicorn graveyards in the BMAC, which are thought to be massive “Ashwamedha Yagna” (mistranslated today as horse sacrifice, but in reality unicorn sacrifice) complexes. They have found several well-preserved horns of the unicorns that prove this theory without a doubt.


The cause of the confusion, therefore, has been twofold: believing that "ashva" in the Vedas referred to horses, and believing that unicorns did not exist. With the discovery of unicorn fossils, Hefner et al. have resolved this question.

The Saraswati Civilization

Another point of contention was the mention of the river Saraswati as an important river in the Vedas, whereas there is no known river in that region today. There has been much controversy recently regarding the Saraswati river of the Vedas, which many consider mythical, and many, including Michel Danino, consider a real river connected to the Ghaggar-Hakra basin in Pakistan/India.

However, the clinching evidence for the Saraswati river basin surely must come from the recent work of Ali et al. (2014), who have found what appear to be unquestionably Vedic era bows and arrows. There has been strong speculation that the artifacts retrieved from the Ghaggar basin are, in fact, the bow, quiver, and arrows of the famous Pandava hero, Arjuna. The main artifact at the root of this momentous discovery is a bow about 12 feet long, which matches the description of Arjuna’s bow Gandiva, said to be 8 cubits (12 feet) long. The quiver is surprisingly well-preserved, being made of pure gold and carved exquisitely.

Ancient Hindu Warfare: Astras

One of the controversial aspects of Hindu epics is the frequent mention of “astras” – special weapons that are weaponized by chanting of specific mantras (religious chants) and possess tremendous destructive powers. One of these, the Brahmastra, is said to have so much power that it is said to have the power to completely destroy the whole world.

Naturally, the scientific world has dismissed these claims as religious gobbledygook. The general attitude towards these claims has been that these are highly exaggerated descriptions that can only be attributed to poetic license, and that there is no scientific basis to these claims.

New scientific evidence has revealed that these may no longer be fairy tales. There is reason to believe that the ancient Indians were in possession of highly advanced weapons technology not yet fully understood by modern man. But the beginnings of such understanding are on the horizon.

In recent papers, published after 30 years of research by two different groups of workers at opposite sides of the globe, scientists have learned that sound waves emitted at precise frequencies with extremely specific cadences have the ability to highly excite the molecules of air in the local vicinity of these chants, and thereby “hypercompress” air packets – to the point that they can cause minute fusion reactions that can then lead to a chain reaction – a phenomenon described as “lukewarm fusion” (as contrasted with “hot” and “cold” fusion). The resulting fusion reactions, if properly amplified by the right kinds of chants, according to Dagar et al. (2013) (a multifactorial study spanning 3 generations of researchers in one family and published after the death of the researchers) and Carreras et al. (2014) (again the result of a 40 year international collaboration and, again, published after the death of one of the principal investigators) can lead to weapons of different destructive potentials.

It is in this way that astras can be launched by the proper chanting of mantras that give them awesome destructive power. The secrets of these astras are locked away within a few highly-realized rishis, and it is necessary for Hindus to reclaim these before the secrets are lost to humanity.

Ancient Hindu Aviation Technology

Another recent topic of controversy, which garnered much attention when a session was devoted to it at the Indian Science Congress of 2015 in Bangalore, is the possibility of Vedic Hindus possessing advanced aviation technology. It was claimed during this conference that in Vedic India, aircraft existed that could fly forwards as well as backwards with equal facility, and easily move between planets and galaxies. Much of these speculations have rested on two main sources. The first is the ancient epic Ramayana, in which the hero Rama (as well as his enemy Ravana) were said to have used flying machines called “Vimanas.” The second is a text called the Vymanika Shastra that detailed many aspects of these vimanas. In particular, the VS talked about these planes being fueled by vast quantities of cow and elephant urine, among other ingredients. See figure below to see an illustration of one of these vimanas and its fuels.


 

One of the objections raised to the idea of the existence of this ancient technology is the lack of evidence. No one has, to date, discovered the existence of even one of these ancient aircraft in any of the archaeological ruins. It has been argued that if such aircraft existed, and in substantial numbers, there should be at least one indicator of their past presence – either some broken down aircraft, or some airports that housed them, or similar supporting evidence. The complete lack of such evidence – at least until recently – has been a weakness of the theory that ancient India possessed advanced aviation.

However, recent discoveries by a team of biologists and archaeologists have revealed (Herman and Allen, 2012) the existence of specific mosses in Iraq which fossilized years ago. Examination of these fossils, which were covered under mounds of ruins and which came to light because of incessant bombing runs that have completely destroyed the mounds and exposed the underlying fossils, first by American air force operations in the first and second Gulf Wars as well as by violence by insurgents, have revealed that they originate from a specific kind of moss that can only grow if fuelled by copious amounts of cow and elephant urine. This leads to the only possible conclusion – that this archaeological site in Iraq was a forward post for Vedic armies and airforce units, which were using this vast site as a supply depot with adequate fuel for their aircraft. With such large quantities of fuel, some leakage is inevitable, and this leakage had clearly led to the growth of these mosses.

Hindu Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)

Archaeology continues, and will always continue, to be our window into the past. One of the greatest mysteries of history has been the mystery of the giant stones of Costa Rica. These are large, perfectly spherical stones that are found in abundance on the island of Costa Rica. There are about 300 of these stone spheres on the island of Costa Rica, and no one knows where they came from. They are customarily referred to as the Diquis spheres, as a reference to the primitive pre-Columbian peoples known as the Diquis. However, it is highly unlikely that such a primitive civilization would be capable of sculpting such a large number of perfect spheres (see picture below), that too out of stone, especially when no one is able to explain how they might have been carved from the stone without any tools.


 

However, there is another explanation that fits the facts better, and which has recently been confirmed by new archaeological and linguistic evidence.

In the Mahabharata, it is said that after the establishment of their kingdom Indraprastha, the Pandavas conducted a magnificent Rajasuya Yagna to commemorate their supremacy over the entire earth. Before they could perform this sacrifice, however, the Pandavas needed to bring the entire earth under their sway. The four Pandavas, viz., Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva, are said to have conquered all the lands on the east, the north, the west, and the south of Indraprastha respectively. Of course, some lands, such as America, were well beyond the range of land-based forces. For this reason, the mighty Pandavas used weapons of various kinds, along with their aircraft (vimanas), to subjugate those lands that were separated from them by oceans. One such example was the Americas. In those days, the West Indies were attached to the continental United States, and the Pandavas utilized efficient demonstration of force (“shock and awe”) to reduce the Americas to subjugation.

This they did by dispatching intercontinental ballistic missiles – spheres that were discharged as projectiles from the western coast of India to reach the Americas. In an effort to minimize loss of life and obtain a quick surrender, Nakula opened fire with massive batteries of cannons on the western coast of India that rained showers of perfect, spherical boulders on the coasts of America and the modern Caribbean as a “softening” measure.  Because of this, the island of Costa Rica, which is on the eastern end of the North American continent, was bombarded by hundreds of stone spheres.

This might seem like a fanciful fairy tale but for the recent discovery by a team of Sanskrit scholars and explorers based at the University of Miami, who have published the results of their study in a recent paper. In this paper, Jagger et al. (2015) mention that they investigated 95 of these boulders carefully, with high-powered lenses, all over their surfaces, and discovered that many of them were engraved minutely in Sanskrit with inscriptions such as “With Love from Indraprastha,” “Nakula Sends You His Love,” “Bow Before the Pandavas,” and “Resistance is Futile.” Needless to say, when Nakula arrived a few days later in his vimana, the Americans were only too happy to avoid a repeat of the stone shower, and acquiesced immediately to whatever terms he proposed.

This theory is supported by the mythology of the natives of Costa Rica themselves, the Bribri. As has been mentioned,

“In the cosmogony of the Bribri, which is shared by the Cabecares and other American ancestral groups, the stone spheres are “Tara’s cannon balls”. Tara or Tlatchque, the god of thunder, used a giant blowpipe to shoot the balls at the Serkes, gods of winds and hurricanes, in order to drive them out of these lands.”

So the natives themselves recognize that these are cannon balls, and the god Tara/Tlatchque in their story doubtless refers to Nakula, and the god Serkes to the native ruler of America that he drove out with his aggressive military actions in order to make America subservient to Indraprastha. Given the fact that Nakula came down from the sky in his vimana, and rained stones from the sky on them, it is natural for the primitive Bribri to think of him as a “god of thunder.”

The Caste System as a Method for Better Organizaton of Society

One of the main criticism of Hindu society regards the Caste System, which many modern sociologists consider to be barbaric and cruel. However, many today defend the system as simply a means for organizing labor in Vedic societies. While many have claimed that this is simply a defensive posture adopted by today’s Hindus to defend the indefensible, recent discoveries of old publications dating to the early 20th century show that, before the contamination of western attitudes made them hostile to India, Europe was quite welcoming of Indian ideas on social reorganization.

Two studies bear telling evidence towards this conclusion. The first is a position paper by Todt et al. (1932) who talk in glowing terms of the Hindu order of life and its uplifting ideas in organizing society into more capable and less capable workers, and even talk about its incorporation in Europe as a general way of life (modified, of course, to suit Europe suitably). The second is a paper by Daniel Malan in 1930, in which the author praised the Hindu social organization and interpreted it as a model for life in all countries, specifically South Africa. It should be mentioned that Malan later implemented his modified system to great success in South Africa as Prime Minister in 1948.

Hindu Advances in Medicine – Test Tube Babies

One of the most stunning scientific claims in the Mahabharata is the mention of test tube babies. Significantly, the entire Kaurava brothers, numbering to 100, were said to be born out of a single embryo, which was split after it grew up and the pieces put in pots with ghee (clarified butter) in them, and which then went on to become full-born babies in due course. Similarly, the teacher Drona gets his name because he was born of sperm ejaculated by his father and preserved in a pot (a pot is known in Sanskrit as a Drona, thus giving him his name.)

While these claims have been ridiculed by western doctors and scientists as impossible, recent archaeological evidence appears to confirm these claims. This sensational discovery is the discovery, under 50 feet of overgrowth, of a vast scientific laboratory that appears to have been frozen in time due to a volcano 2500 years ago which since has turned completely dormant. This laboratory, not far from Pune, in the Deccan Traps, was found, similar to the ruins of Pompey, with people frozen in their actions due to their rapid engulfment by volcanic ash.

As Steptoe et al. (2015) describe, the laboratory unearthed shows large rows of clay pots with fetuses in them in what is clearly a process of in-vitro fertilization. Contrary to modern medical practice, however, embryos at various stages, all the way to full term babies, were recovered from within the pots in the ash deposits. The findings are nothing short of revolutionary and hold great promise for modern medical research if the secrets of the ancient Hindus can be deciphered.

Hindu Advances in Medicine – Plastic Surgery

The Indian Prime Minister, Shri. Narendra Modi, recently stated that ancient Hindus were very advanced in plastic surgery. Mr. Modi used the example of the Hindu God Ganesha to illustrate his belief that Indians must have been quite advanced in plastic surgery, as the mythological story of Ganesha involves the transplantation of an elephant’s head onto a human torso.

Religious myths of any civilization always have some anchors in that civilization’s daily experiences. There is reason, therefore, to speculate that the Ganesha story was inspired by technologies that they were already aware of. Recent science has confirmed that this, indeed, was the case with the Hindus.

A recent archaeological find near Ropar in Haryana has revealed the presence of a large number of copper plates that have been dated to 3300 BCE. As Dali et al. (2013) explain, these copper engravings appear to be an ancient “brochure” advertising the skills of the Royal College of Physicians at the court of Hastinapura. The engravings are fascinating, and show various examples of what can only be plastic surgery: dogs with sewn-on human heads and hands, pigs with dog-heads, goats with cow-heads, tigers with the heads of asses, and even rats with cockroach-heads. See figure below for an example of one of these copper plates.


 

Soma: The Enabler of Excellence in Hinduism

By now, it is abundantly clear to most people that ancient Hinduism was responsible for most worthwhile things in the world. A cursory search on the internet reveals that the entire world was Vedic once, and that Christianity and Islam are offshoots of Hinduism. We have also learned from the learned scholars who prowl the internet that the source of most science and technology are the Vedas; that Newton and Leibniz stole the ideas of calculus from Vedic rishis; that most technology that is only being discovered today had already been discovered by the Vedic rishis, be it airplanes, cars, medicine, surgery, nuclear weapons, etc., etc.

The question is: WHY? What made the Hindus of Vedic times such geniuses and so far ahead of their time? And why are they not at the top of the world today, if they were so advanced once upon a time? The answer, in one word, is: SOMA. The wonder elixir that the Vedas talk about – which is offered at every sacrifice to the Devas – was the source of the ancient Hindus’ extraordinary creativity.

Soma, as described in the Rig Veda, is a miracle plant. It is even said to confer immortality. It is said to be the reason the king of the Devas, Indra was able to defeat the Asura Vritra. In those days, the educated Hindus, viz., the Brahmanas, who used to perform sacrifices regularly, often drank soma in connection with religious rites. This gave them tremendous creativity and gave them the ability to conceive of airplanes, cars, calculus and other extraordinary feats of mind when other civilizations were still shivering in the cold because they had not yet discovered fire.

This idea might have been relegated to mere idle speculation, had it not been for the recent publication of a manuscript that is 48 years old this year. This book, written by Morrison et al. (1967) and published this year, purports to have rediscovered the lost Soma plant and talks about its extraordinary properties as evidenced by direct experimentation by the authors. The authors claim to have traveled to Central Asia in 1962 and found the lost plant, whereby they brought it back to the USA and started experimenting with its properties by ingesting its extract.

The results, for those who are aware of the history of blues and rock’n’roll, are nothing short of spectacular: Jim Morrison formed the legendary band “The Doors”; Eric Clapton, nicknamed “Slowhand,” is considered one of the greatest blues guitarists in the history of blues and rock’n’roll; and Jimi Hendrix is considered by many to be the most skilled electric guitarist ever.


 

In this manuscript, discovered only last year in unpublished form in Eric Clapton’s archives at his home in the UK, the three authors discuss the miraculous increases in creativity they experienced after the consumption of soma juice. According to the authors, they found the rare plant with the help of an old, experienced tribal man who showed them one of the few places in which the original Soma plant still grew. The three managed to get as much as they could bring on the journey back.

Hendrix mentions that some of his greatest performances, particularly the famous “Star-Spangled Banner” live version that he performed at the Woodstock festival, owed their phenomenal creativity to the effect of Soma, which he had ingested just a couple of hours before the performance. Similarly, Clapton credits his incredible performances with “Cream” to the potent effects of Soma, particularly the single “Spoonful.” Morrison discusses how he shared Soma with guitarist Robby Krieger just a day before they collaborated on their legendary song “Light my Fire,” which became the title of Morrison, Clapton, and Hendrix’s manuscript.

In an interview conducted by the author just before this article was written, Clapton mentioned that “I knew how powerful Soma was, and I used to caution Jimi and Jim about it. But they were too carried away by its power and how creative it made them feel. I still feel guilty that if I could have only stopped them from taking so much of it, I could have saved them.” 

What Clapton is referring to is the apparent drug-overdose-related deaths of both Jimi Hendrix (1970) and Jim Morrison (1971). It should be mentioned that the cause of neither death has been conclusively established, probably because there was no test in western medicine that could detect a Soma overdose. But with Clapton’s account, we can now clear the mystery behind the unexplained (and unnecessary) deaths of these two musical geniuses. After all, one has to exercise a little caution when consuming the drink of the gods.

On being asked if he could find out where more of the authentic Soma could be found today, Clapton said, “Well, yeah, I tried to get more. Our stocks lasted only a small while, and while I used mine more carefully and sparingly than Jim or Jimi, by 1978 I was out of all of it. It did leave a permanent impact, though. I tried to go back to that place to get more, but it had been covered by a residential complex and the field was gone. The old tribals were nowhere to be seen. I don’t know if any Soma can be found today.” When asked if they did not try to grow the plant in the west, Clapton replied, “We tried. But it looks like the plant won’t grow in the western climate. The plant died very fast.”

Conclusions

From the preceding, it should be obvious that the world owes all its significant achievements to the civilization of the ancient Hindus. Unfortunately, much of this knowledge has been lost and is only now being rediscovered. The question remains: how can India regain her lost glory? How can we reach the heights attained by our ancient Hindu ancestors?

The answer doubtless lies in Soma. The Modi government must make the rediscovery of Soma its prime agenda for the next 10 years. The quest for the true Soma must commence immediately and PM Modi must use all his goodwill with Pakistan, Afghanistan, Russia, China, and the Central Asian republics to send teams of Vedic scholars and biologists to locate and bring back to India the original soma plant.

Once it is obtained, Soma must be grown in a large-scale way so that every family of four in India gets at least 2 litres of Soma every day. This will ensure that Indians today become as intelligent and creative as they were in Vedic days, and with these enhanced nutritional supplements we will soon surpass the Westerners and the Chinese in development. (Of course it will mean that some farmland will have to be diverted from growing crops like rice and wheat to Soma, but a little hunger is a small price to pay for national greatness.) At that point it will be easy to reconstruct the lost secrets of the Vymanika Shastra and other scientific classics of Hindu rishis. The Soma juice might even make us so spiritually aware that telepathic conferences with great Rishis can be carried out on a routine basis so that we can update our knowledge with the knowledge of the eternals.

Once we are on this path, nothing can stop Bharatvarsha.

Jai Shri Ram!

REFERENCES

Ali, M., Frazier, J., Liston, S., and Foreman, G., “Gandiva of Haraxvati: The Right Hook That Deals the Knockout Punch to the Aryan Invasion and Migration Theories,” Pingu Books, 2014.

Carreras, J., Domingo, P., and Paruppurotti, L. “Effect of Sound Vibrations on Molecule Hypercompression Leading to Lukewarm Fusion,” Musings of the Royal Italian Gelato Society, 2014 (17), pp. 233-304.

Dagar, M.N., Dagar, A.N., Dagar, Z.N., and Dagar, F.N., “Effect of Musical Chanting on Localized Air Pressurization and Hypercompression Due to ‘Udhak Gamaks’ in Dhrupad Singing,” International Journal of Dhrupad Physics, 2013 (3), pp. 1473-1553.

Dali, S.D.F.J., Duchamp, H.R.M., Tanguy, R.G.Y., Magritte, R.F.G., and Radnitzky, E., “Heads, Torsos, Hands and Legs: The Infinite Juxtapositions of Biology as Seen in the Copper Plates of the Royal College of Physicians in Hastinapura in 3300 BCE,” Journal of Near-Impossible Archaeology, 2014 (9), 1323-1692.

Todt, F., Frank, H., Frank, W., Heydrich, R., Mengele, J., and Himmler, H., “Learning from the Ancient Aryans – Master and Slave Races,” Annalen Sociopathophysik, 1932 (1), pp. 1-473. (in German)

Hefner, H., Guccione, R., and Flynt, L., “Single Horniness: The Mystery of the Indian Unicorn of Harappa Revealed,” Sharper Collins, 2007.

Herman, P-W, and Allen, W., “Following the Pee Trail – Archaeological Evidence for the Use of Cow’s and Elephant’s Urine as Fuel for Ancient Indian Aircraft,” Biology, Oleo and Paleobiology, 2014 (2), pp. 223-309.

Jagger, M.P., Richards, K., Wood, R.D., Perks, W.G., Watts, C.R., and Zimmerman, R.A., “Like a Falling Stone: The Conquest of America by the Pandavas Using Ballistic Missiles,” Archaeo-Linguistic Ruminations, 2015 (1), 22-251.

Malan, D.F., “Understanding the Genius of the Hindu Organization of Society and Its Possible Application to South Africa,” Journal of Race Relations in the African Continent, 1930 (3), pp. 32-97.

Morrison, J.D., Clapton, E.P., and Hendrix, J.M., “Lighting My Fire: The Effect of the Ancient Indian Plant Soma on Musical Creativity,” Eastern Spirit Books, 2015.

Steptoe, P., Edwards, R., and Mukhopadhyay, S., “In-Vitro Fertilization in Ancient India: The Archaeological Discovery of the Largest and Most Complex In-Vitro Fertilization Laboratory in the World,” Journal of Fanciful Archaeology, 2015 (1), 1900-1947.







17 comments:

  1. I think rhe 3rd author on the 2nd ref is misspelt:-)

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Really? I just double-checked the paper - that's how they spell it! :-)

      BTW, congratulations on making it this far! And thanks for the comment. Look forward to more reactions from you!

      Delete
    2. Well, it USED to be Pavarotti, until he met a renowned Indian numerologist, who convinced him to change it to Paruppurotti in order to lengthen his singing career.

      And that's the reason Pavarotti's farewell tour took forever.

      Delete
  2. You have discussed Indian advances in warfare but I am surprised to see you have omitted to mention the excellent paper by Barcza, G., Konstantinopolsky, A., Boleslavsky, I., Bronstein, D. and King, I.D., "Hypermodern approaches to attack and defence", Indian Defence Review, 2012.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Indeed, Ganesh. Thank you for your comment.

      You refer to an area I could not address for lack of space: Chaturanga Warfare, which originated in Vedic times. There is evidence of Chaturanga warfare in the Indus Valley Civilization. Chaturanga was essentially wargames simulation in order to train the armies of the Vedic kingdoms. Generals were required to master all the intricacies of Chaturanga so that they could take lightning-fast decisions on the battlefield. Chaturanga was therefore an active component of warfare, even though it was more on the instructional side. For more details, please see

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chess

      The paper you refer to by Barcza et al. (2012) simply rehashes many of the strategies used by Mahadeva (ca. 1970 BCE), Sharangadeva (ca. 1850 BCE) and Mimamsapurusha (ca. 1700 BCE) and repackages their strategies under the name of hypermodern attack and defense theory.

      Unfortunately, when the Arabs learned the war games from the Indians, they did not learn many of the nuances, because of which they learned only the basics of the game because they did not know Sanskrit. Since then, the west has had to relearn, through practice and experience, what Vedic rishis knew 5000 years ago.

      Because Indians have let go of their precious Sanskrit heritage, they are unaware of how deep the ancient Rishis had gone into the theory of Chaturanga. Furthermore, with the loss of Soma, modern Indians are unable to think of those variations that came so easily to our ancestors. As I mentioned in the article, this deficit in Chaturanga (today called Chess by the west) is another pressing reason for us to rediscover Soma, grow it in a widespread fashion, and supply every Indian with copious amounts of.

      Delete
    2. Ganesh, since you have taken the trouble to ask this very pertinent question on Chaturanga, I thought it my duty to help you along a bit more.

      The research paper you mention was authored by a Hungarian grandmaster who was born in the early 20th century. There was an ancient chess tradition in Hungary that dates to the time Vedic kings ruled most of Central Asia and Eastern Europe. In fact, it was in Hungary that the great Chaturanga master, Somanatha, lived, and compiled his master treatise of defensive strategies in Chaturanga (in Sanskrit, of course), titled "Chaturanga Kavacha Neeti," in 1600 BCE. This book has survived through the centuries, and Soviet and Eastern European chess masters were aware of its contents - and it is from this book that Barcza learned the rudiments of hypermodern defenses like the Sicilian. It is available in a limited English publication, nowadays seen only in second-hand bookstores if you are lucky. IIRC, the publication year was 1931, and the publisher was Occidental Shortman. I hope this is helpful.

      Delete
  3. Jingoistic article of a Hindu Athiest !

    A Modi avatar ?

    PuneWhistleBlower..

    ReplyDelete
  4. A true masterpiece! Earns its rightful place amongst other tomes of 'academic' excellence!

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